Putting enzymes to work
◼
Using enzymes to catalyze the
transformation of potential energy into
kinetic energy…..in other words…….
1
Deriving Energy from Food
Aerobic Respiration
and
Fermentation
2
Cellular Respiration
3
REDOX REACTION
Glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced
4
Cellular Respiration: Overview
5
Glycolysis
◼
Overall Reaction
6
Glycolysis
◼
◼
◼
◼
Exergonic series of reactions
Occurs in the cytoplasm, outside of the
organelles (not in the mitochondria!)
Begins the glucose oxidation process by
breaking glucose into two molecules of
pyruvic acid(=pyruvate)
The cell makes a small amount of ATP
during glycolysis
7
Glycolysis: Part one
8
Glycolysis :
PART Two
Only one of the 2
molecules, present after
glucose is split, is shown
here-remember there
are two sugars (both 3
C) going through this
ENERGY YIELDING
STAGE.
9
“Grooming” of Pyruvic acid
10
Acetyl Co-A:
a crossroads/gateway compound
◼
◼
Acetyl coenzyme A is the high energy
fuel molecule for the Krebs cycle
Acetyl coA acts as a “crossroads”
compound
◼
◼
Common pathway point for the extraction
of energy from carbohydrates, fats and
protein
Can also be used as a building block for
synthesis of fatty acids
11
Overview
12
Krebs Cycle: A different view
13
By the end of the Krebs…..
◼
Glucose has been completely oxidized to
carbon dioxide. All of the “H”, carrying high
energy electrons, have been transferred to
the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD+ which
are now present as NADH and FADH. Very
little ATP has been made thus far…..now it is
time to take those NADH and FADH and go to
the ETC and make some serious ATP!!!
14
At this point I usually do a class activity, using student volunteers
as stand-ins for membrane proteins and baseballs and soccer balls
for electrons and H+ (protons)… In lieu of that I would like you
watch the following you tube clip. A few notes first. The video
demos the ETC in prokaryotes, which lack mitochondria so the ETC
is along the plasma membrane. Otherwise the mechanism is the
same. Enjoy-just follow the path of electons and protons…don’t
worry about the names of all the members in the ETC….
https://youtu.be/G3Y2Ig3YTL0
15
Electron Transport Chain &
Chemiosmosis: ATP synthesis
16
17
Net ATP Production
18
What if oxygen is not available?
◼
If there is no O2 the alternative process
cells can use (and many of our cells can
do this) is FERMENTATION, which we
mentioned earlier. Lets take a peek at
this process. Many bacteria, yeasts and
protists rely on fermentation for ATP
production.
19
Fermentation
20
Lactic acid fermentation
21
Overview of Cycles
Cellular Oxidation of Glucose
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
(Cellular Respiration)
(Fermentation)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
(oxidative phosphorylation)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid
Alcohol
formation
+
CO2 22
Review and comparision
23
The end of cell respiration and
fermentation unit!!
◼
I will suggest that you watch a couple youtube videos that
◼
provide good reviews of this material….always good to review,
review, review…and watching videos engages different parts of
the brain than reading the notes I provide and reading the
text…may I suggest the following (the Khan Academy puts out
good material too)
https://youtu.be/4Eo7JtRA7lg Amoeba sisters again…
◼
https://youtu.be/7J4LXs-oDCU McGraw Hill
◼
There will be a QUIZ Wednesday on Enzymes and Cell Respiration
24
25
Glycolysis
26
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
27
Aerobic Respiration: Overview
28
Energy and Enzymes
What is Energy?
• The capacity to do work
What is work?
• Work is the ability to move matter in a
direction it would not move if left alone
• Energy is measured in calories
– The amount of energy necessary to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of water 1oC
Increase Energy input (heat)
increase molecular movement (work)
Uranium 235 and Atomic fission bomb
The Laws of Thermodynamics
• First Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, (but can and will be changed in form)
• The amount of energy present at the beginning
of the universe and at the end will be the same
• Potential E can be transformed to Kinetic E
(and vice versa, KE to PE)…
The Laws of Thermodynamics
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy transformations result in increased
disorder or entropy
• Some of the energy is no longer available to do work
(usually “lost” as heat)
– Entropy is a measure of the amount of disorder or
randomness in a system
– Implications of the second law
• Living cells require a constant input of energy to maintain
order!!
How do living cells obtain and use energy?
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is a process (performed
by plants) that captures photon energy
and converts it to chemical bond energy
(glucose).
• In other words, converts Kinetic Energy
to Potential Energy!!
• Complex set of chemical biosynthetic
reactions. Anabolic. Endergonic.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Visible light is a
small portion of
the entire solar
electromagnetic
spectrum.
Cell respiration
• Biochemical pathways by which cells
release energy from the chemical bonds
of food molecules and provide the
energy to do cellular work.
• Convert Potential Energy to Kinetic
Energy!!!
• How is energy realized in a cell?
ATP
• Adenosine
triphosphate
• Main energy
carrying
molecule in
cells
Metabolic pathways can
be divided into two types
– Anabolic Pathways
• Link together simple molecules to form more
complex molecules
• The anabolic reactions store energy in the
chemical bonds formed as molecules are built up
• The reactions are primarily endergonic
– Non-spontaneous reactions
– Require energy from the environment
– Photosynthesis
Metabolic Pathways can
be divided into two types
– Catabolic Pathways
• Break down complex molecules to form simple
ones
• The catabolic reactions release energy that
was stored in the bonds of the complex
molecules
• The reactions are primarily exergonic
– spontaneous
– Release energy
– Cell respiration
Chemical Reactions
• In terms of energy,
there are two types
of chemical reactions
in a cell
– Endergonic reactions
• Require a net input
of energy
• Think of as energy
running “uphill”
– Exergonic reactions
• Releases energy
• Energy flowing
“downhill”
Cellular Metabolism
• Cellular metabolism is the sum total of all of
the reactions in a cell
– At any instant, metabolism of a cell consists of
thousands of individual chemical reactions
– Every reaction is mediated by an enzyme
• biological catalysts that speed up reactions in a cell
• Without enzymes, reactions on their own would be far too
slow to keep a cell alive
Enzyme 1
A+B
Enzyme 2
C
Enzyme 3
D+E
F
End of DAY 1
We will continue with enzymes
and enzyme kinetics in Day 2-
Do not go on I have not edited
the slides or added notes yet
Things will change
Let’s start day 2 Enzyme unit
What are enzymes and what are
enzyme kinetics???
Biological Catalysts: Enzymes
Catalytic Cycle of an Enzyme
• Enzyme
• Substrate
• Active
site
Enzyme kinetics
TOOTHPICKASE DEMONSTRATION
How do Enzymes
speed up reactions?
Enzyme Reactions
• Orient
substrate
• Induce strain
in substrate
• Temporarily
add chemical
groups to
substrate
How can the rate of an enzyme
reaction be changed?
• Temperature
• pH
• Salt
concentration
Enzyme Denaturation
• Enzymes can be damaged
permanently by exposing
them to extremes of
temperature, pH or salt
concentration
• This is called denaturation
• The enzyme’s tertiary
structure is destroyed so it
will no longer function
properly
Enzyme Inhibition
• Types of
reversible
enzyme
inhibitors
– Competitive
– Noncompetitive
That is the end of our unit on enzymes and enzyme kinetics. I am
looking for a good video on enzymes….I may post one later, so far
I haven’t found one I really like. Even my pals, the Amoeba sisters
let me down here. It is OK but not great. I put that link below
anyway just for fun and easy review..Anyway, next week we will
begin cell respiration……then photosynthesis. Check CANVAS for
updates on Quizzes-one next week for sure.
HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/QGVFKRN8
F10
Substrate Rate Effects
Pathway Regulation
• Enzyme activity can be regulated by
inhibitors
– Irreversible inhibition
– Reversible inhibition
Feedback Inhibition
Enzyme Partners
ATP
• Links endergonic and
exergonic reactions
• The energy released by
catabolic reactions is used
to drive the anabolic
reactions
• Energy is transferred back
and forth from the exergonic
reactions to the endergonic
ones through ATP
Redox Reactions
• Energy is harvested through electrons that
are moved from one molecule to the next
• Electrons can carry energy, some of which
will be transferred to intermediate molecules
as the electrons travel a “downhill” journey
• The basis for electron transfers down this
energy hill is a series of reactions called
redox reactions
Redox Reactions
• Some substances more strongly attract
electrons than do others
• A substance that loses one or more electrons
to another is said to be oxidized
• A substance that gains electrons in this
reaction is said to have undergone reduction
• Oxidation and reduction reactions always
occur in pairs in cells
– Known as a reduction-oxidation reaction or redox
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Photosynthesis is a metabolic pathway
that is primarily anabolic
– CO2 + H2O is used to form C6H12O6 + O2
• Respiration (glucose oxidation) is a
metabolic pathway that is primarily
catabolic
– C6H12O6 + O2 is used to produce CO2 + H2O
Oxidation-Reduction
Biological Oxidation
Electron Carriers
• Electrons can be
moved through
molecules called
intermediate
electron carriers
• NADP is found in
photosynthesis
• NAD is found in
glucose oxidation
Electron Carriers
Harvesting Energy
Ways to produce ATP
• Three possible ways to phosphorylate ATP
– Substrate level phosphorylation: direct enzymatic
transfer of phosphate from a phophorylated molecule
to ADP to make ATP
– Oxidative phosphorylation: electrons from organic
compounds like glucose are passed through a series of
reactions (electron transport chain) to inorganic
molecules like oxygen; chemiosmosis generates the
ATP as energy is released
– Photophosphorylation: pigments of photosynthetic
cells trap light energy, convert it to chemical energy
through an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• How can we capture and make use of
the energy that is available in the
electromagnetic spectrum?
Photosynthesis
Catalytic Cycle of an Enzyme
• Enzyme
• Substrate
• Active
site
Splitting matter (PE) to release bond
energy (KE)
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
◼
Using enzymes to catalyze the
transformation of potential energy into
kinetic energy…..in other words…….
1
Deriving Energy from Food
Aerobic Respiration
and
Fermentation
2
Cellular Respiration
3
REDOX REACTION
Glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced
4
Cellular Respiration: Overview
5
Glycolysis
◼
Overall Reaction
6
Glycolysis
◼
◼
◼
◼
Exergonic series of reactions
Occurs in the cytoplasm, outside of the
organelles (not in the mitochondria!)
Begins the glucose oxidation process by
breaking glucose into two molecules of
pyruvic acid(=pyruvate)
The cell makes a small amount of ATP
during glycolysis
7
Glycolysis: Part one
8
Glycolysis :
PART Two
Only one of the 2
molecules, present after
glucose is split, is shown
here-remember there
are two sugars (both 3
C) going through this
ENERGY YIELDING
STAGE.
9
“Grooming” of Pyruvic acid
10
Acetyl Co-A:
a crossroads/gateway compound
◼
◼
Acetyl coenzyme A is the high energy
fuel molecule for the Krebs cycle
Acetyl coA acts as a “crossroads”
compound
◼
◼
Common pathway point for the extraction
of energy from carbohydrates, fats and
protein
Can also be used as a building block for
synthesis of fatty acids
11
Overview
12
Krebs Cycle: A different view
13
By the end of the Krebs…..
◼
Glucose has been completely oxidized to
carbon dioxide. All of the “H”, carrying high
energy electrons, have been transferred to
the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD+ which
are now present as NADH and FADH. Very
little ATP has been made thus far…..now it is
time to take those NADH and FADH and go to
the ETC and make some serious ATP!!!
14
At this point I usually do a class activity, using student volunteers
as stand-ins for membrane proteins and baseballs and soccer balls
for electrons and H+ (protons)… In lieu of that I would like you
watch the following you tube clip. A few notes first. The video
demos the ETC in prokaryotes, which lack mitochondria so the ETC
is along the plasma membrane. Otherwise the mechanism is the
same. Enjoy-just follow the path of electons and protons…don’t
worry about the names of all the members in the ETC….
https://youtu.be/G3Y2Ig3YTL0
15
Electron Transport Chain &
Chemiosmosis: ATP synthesis
16
17
Net ATP Production
18
What if oxygen is not available?
◼
If there is no O2 the alternative process
cells can use (and many of our cells can
do this) is FERMENTATION, which we
mentioned earlier. Lets take a peek at
this process. Many bacteria, yeasts and
protists rely on fermentation for ATP
production.
19
Fermentation
20
Lactic acid fermentation
21
Overview of Cycles
Cellular Oxidation of Glucose
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
(Cellular Respiration)
(Fermentation)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
(oxidative phosphorylation)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid
Alcohol
formation
+
CO2 22
Review and comparision
23
The end of cell respiration and
fermentation unit!!
◼
I will suggest that you watch a couple youtube videos that
◼
provide good reviews of this material….always good to review,
review, review…and watching videos engages different parts of
the brain than reading the notes I provide and reading the
text…may I suggest the following (the Khan Academy puts out
good material too)
https://youtu.be/4Eo7JtRA7lg Amoeba sisters again…
◼
https://youtu.be/7J4LXs-oDCU McGraw Hill
◼
There will be a QUIZ Wednesday on Enzymes and Cell Respiration
24
25
Glycolysis
26
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
27
Aerobic Respiration: Overview
28
Energy and Enzymes
What is Energy?
• The capacity to do work
What is work?
• Work is the ability to move matter in a
direction it would not move if left alone
• Energy is measured in calories
– The amount of energy necessary to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of water 1oC
Increase Energy input (heat)
increase molecular movement (work)
Uranium 235 and Atomic fission bomb
The Laws of Thermodynamics
• First Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, (but can and will be changed in form)
• The amount of energy present at the beginning
of the universe and at the end will be the same
• Potential E can be transformed to Kinetic E
(and vice versa, KE to PE)…
The Laws of Thermodynamics
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy transformations result in increased
disorder or entropy
• Some of the energy is no longer available to do work
(usually “lost” as heat)
– Entropy is a measure of the amount of disorder or
randomness in a system
– Implications of the second law
• Living cells require a constant input of energy to maintain
order!!
How do living cells obtain and use energy?
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is a process (performed
by plants) that captures photon energy
and converts it to chemical bond energy
(glucose).
• In other words, converts Kinetic Energy
to Potential Energy!!
• Complex set of chemical biosynthetic
reactions. Anabolic. Endergonic.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Visible light is a
small portion of
the entire solar
electromagnetic
spectrum.
Cell respiration
• Biochemical pathways by which cells
release energy from the chemical bonds
of food molecules and provide the
energy to do cellular work.
• Convert Potential Energy to Kinetic
Energy!!!
• How is energy realized in a cell?
ATP
• Adenosine
triphosphate
• Main energy
carrying
molecule in
cells
Metabolic pathways can
be divided into two types
– Anabolic Pathways
• Link together simple molecules to form more
complex molecules
• The anabolic reactions store energy in the
chemical bonds formed as molecules are built up
• The reactions are primarily endergonic
– Non-spontaneous reactions
– Require energy from the environment
– Photosynthesis
Metabolic Pathways can
be divided into two types
– Catabolic Pathways
• Break down complex molecules to form simple
ones
• The catabolic reactions release energy that
was stored in the bonds of the complex
molecules
• The reactions are primarily exergonic
– spontaneous
– Release energy
– Cell respiration
Chemical Reactions
• In terms of energy,
there are two types
of chemical reactions
in a cell
– Endergonic reactions
• Require a net input
of energy
• Think of as energy
running “uphill”
– Exergonic reactions
• Releases energy
• Energy flowing
“downhill”
Cellular Metabolism
• Cellular metabolism is the sum total of all of
the reactions in a cell
– At any instant, metabolism of a cell consists of
thousands of individual chemical reactions
– Every reaction is mediated by an enzyme
• biological catalysts that speed up reactions in a cell
• Without enzymes, reactions on their own would be far too
slow to keep a cell alive
Enzyme 1
A+B
Enzyme 2
C
Enzyme 3
D+E
F
End of DAY 1
We will continue with enzymes
and enzyme kinetics in Day 2-
Do not go on I have not edited
the slides or added notes yet
Things will change
Let’s start day 2 Enzyme unit
What are enzymes and what are
enzyme kinetics???
Biological Catalysts: Enzymes
Catalytic Cycle of an Enzyme
• Enzyme
• Substrate
• Active
site
Enzyme kinetics
TOOTHPICKASE DEMONSTRATION
How do Enzymes
speed up reactions?
Enzyme Reactions
• Orient
substrate
• Induce strain
in substrate
• Temporarily
add chemical
groups to
substrate
How can the rate of an enzyme
reaction be changed?
• Temperature
• pH
• Salt
concentration
Enzyme Denaturation
• Enzymes can be damaged
permanently by exposing
them to extremes of
temperature, pH or salt
concentration
• This is called denaturation
• The enzyme’s tertiary
structure is destroyed so it
will no longer function
properly
Enzyme Inhibition
• Types of
reversible
enzyme
inhibitors
– Competitive
– Noncompetitive
That is the end of our unit on enzymes and enzyme kinetics. I am
looking for a good video on enzymes….I may post one later, so far
I haven’t found one I really like. Even my pals, the Amoeba sisters
let me down here. It is OK but not great. I put that link below
anyway just for fun and easy review..Anyway, next week we will
begin cell respiration……then photosynthesis. Check CANVAS for
updates on Quizzes-one next week for sure.
HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/QGVFKRN8
F10
Substrate Rate Effects
Pathway Regulation
• Enzyme activity can be regulated by
inhibitors
– Irreversible inhibition
– Reversible inhibition
Feedback Inhibition
Enzyme Partners
ATP
• Links endergonic and
exergonic reactions
• The energy released by
catabolic reactions is used
to drive the anabolic
reactions
• Energy is transferred back
and forth from the exergonic
reactions to the endergonic
ones through ATP
Redox Reactions
• Energy is harvested through electrons that
are moved from one molecule to the next
• Electrons can carry energy, some of which
will be transferred to intermediate molecules
as the electrons travel a “downhill” journey
• The basis for electron transfers down this
energy hill is a series of reactions called
redox reactions
Redox Reactions
• Some substances more strongly attract
electrons than do others
• A substance that loses one or more electrons
to another is said to be oxidized
• A substance that gains electrons in this
reaction is said to have undergone reduction
• Oxidation and reduction reactions always
occur in pairs in cells
– Known as a reduction-oxidation reaction or redox
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Photosynthesis is a metabolic pathway
that is primarily anabolic
– CO2 + H2O is used to form C6H12O6 + O2
• Respiration (glucose oxidation) is a
metabolic pathway that is primarily
catabolic
– C6H12O6 + O2 is used to produce CO2 + H2O
Oxidation-Reduction
Biological Oxidation
Electron Carriers
• Electrons can be
moved through
molecules called
intermediate
electron carriers
• NADP is found in
photosynthesis
• NAD is found in
glucose oxidation
Electron Carriers
Harvesting Energy
Ways to produce ATP
• Three possible ways to phosphorylate ATP
– Substrate level phosphorylation: direct enzymatic
transfer of phosphate from a phophorylated molecule
to ADP to make ATP
– Oxidative phosphorylation: electrons from organic
compounds like glucose are passed through a series of
reactions (electron transport chain) to inorganic
molecules like oxygen; chemiosmosis generates the
ATP as energy is released
– Photophosphorylation: pigments of photosynthetic
cells trap light energy, convert it to chemical energy
through an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• How can we capture and make use of
the energy that is available in the
electromagnetic spectrum?
Photosynthesis
Catalytic Cycle of an Enzyme
• Enzyme
• Substrate
• Active
site
Splitting matter (PE) to release bond
energy (KE)
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
